Tiglic aldehyde is an important raw material for the synthesis of isoterpenes. Tiglic acid ##STR2## which is obtained by oxidation of tiglic aldehyde is useful as a raw material for the synthesis of driers for perfumes, varnishes, inks, and the like. Further, a chloride of tiglic acid aldehyde [4-chloro-2-methyl-2-butene-1-al, ##STR3## ] is a useful compound to extend an isoterpene chain at one.

Hitherto, as a method for the production of tiglic aldehyde, a so-called Cross's aldol condensation method wherein acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde are condensed in a strong basic condition is known. However, this method has a drawback that the yield of said aldehyde is poor with a large quantity of various by-products being formed (see M. B. Green, W. T. Hickinbottom, Journal of Chemical Society, page 3262 (1975)).

With the purpose of producing tiglic aldehyde in a good yield from materials which are available at a low price, the present inventors have extensively investigated various synthesis routes thereof and achieved this invention. An object of this invention is to provide a method for producing tiglic aldehyde which is an important raw material for the synthesis of isoterpenes.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method for producing tiglic acids aldehyde in a good yield from materials which are available at a low price.

Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the accompanying description and examples. his invention provides a method for the production of tiglic aldehyde, which comprises isomerizing ethylacrolein.

Ethylacrolein which is used as a starting material for the synthesis of tiglic aldehyde of this invention can be almost quantitatively prepared by condensing usual industrial materials, n-butylaldehyde and a formalin aqueous solution (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,239). The isomerization of ethylacrolein of this invention can be carried out by either a liquid phase reaction or a gas phase reaction.

When the liquid phase reaction is employed for the production of tiglic aldehyde Aroma chemicals , ethylacrolein is heated together with of a solvent and a catalyst. Examples of the solvent which can be used in this reaction include aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Illustrative of such solvents are toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, n-butanol, n-octane and the like.

Examples of the catalyst which can be used in this reaction include metals belonging to the VIII group of the periodic table, such as platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium. These metals are generally supported on a carrier such as an activated carbon or alumina for use. These supported catalysts are generally used as a hydrogenating catalyst and on the market, for example, are 5% palladium-on-carbon and 0.5% palladium-on-alumina made by Nippon Engel Hard Co., Ltd.

When the catalyst is poisoned by, for example, sodium dithionite, sulfonic acid, thiophene, thiourea, or 1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiourea, the reactivity reduces but the selectivity of the isomerization increases. The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of esters of hydroxy tiglic aldehydes which are the key intermediates for Vitamin-A acetate synthesis and various perfumistic products, said process relates to the hydroformylation of biscarboxylic esters of but-2-ene-1,4-diol, followed by deacetoxylation of its hydroformylation compound, in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst having rhodium complex entrapped, anchored or teethered on the acidic support, said acidic support causes deacetoxylation in the reaction mixture immediately after hydroformylation, to give 100% selectivity to the carboxylic esters of hydroxyl tiglic aldehydes in a single step.

The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of esters of hydroxy aromatic chemicals   aldehydes which are the key intermediates for Vitamin-A acetate synthesis and various perfumistic products. More Particularly, the process relates to the hydroformylation of biscarboxylic esters of but-2-ene-1,4-diol having the general formula 1, wherein R can be alkyl or aryl, followed by deacetoxylation of its hydroformylation compound, having the general formula 2, in a single step, to give esters of hydroxy tiglic aldehydes, having the general formula 3.  embedded image

 

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The present invention relates to novel kojic acid derivatives, and more particularly it relates to novel kojic acids substituted at the 2-position with 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid. These derivatives exhibit a strong skin whitening activity.
Kojic acid soap is used as a skin lightening agent for people who may have sun spots, freckles and other forms of pigmentation on their face, hands and neck. There are several types of Kojic acid soap brands available, and the formulation can be used on its own or as part of a skin lightening facial treatment.

 Kojic acid, which is obtained from culturing Aspergillus, strongly inhibits the action of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in the formation of melanin, which is a major factor in determining the color of human skin. It has been reported that kojic acids inhibit the activity of tyrosinase by forming a chelate with the copper ion in the tyrosinase through the 5-hydroxyl and 4-carbonyl groups. Based on this tyrosinase-inhibiting activity of kojic acid, various cosmetic compositions have been proposed containing kojic acid supplier as an active ingredient(See JP 56-18569B).

Further, JP 54-92632A, JP 56-77272A, JP 60-7961B and JP 60-9722B disclose methods for improving the properties of kojic acid, such as storage stability, compatibility, solubility, and the like, and various kojic acid derivatives such as kojic mono- or di-fatty acid esters, having an improved activity of inhibiting tyrosinase. Moreover, JP 3-14508A, JP 4-145096A, JP 4-187618A and JP 5-39298A propose various kojic acid derivatives having a strong tyrosinase-inhibiting activity, such as kojic ethers, glucosylated kojic acids and amino-protected amino acid kojic acids. Furthermore, JP 62-3820B, JP 64-83008A, JP 1-121205A and JP 2-028105A disclose compositions incorporating various additives to improve the solubility of kojic acid and to enhance the skin-whitening activity.

Kojic acid skincare products have been used for decades in the Philippines and the Far East for their skin lightening benefits. The definition of beauty for cultures outside the Western world consists of fair, even toned skin, so many women resort to using skin lightening products, such as Kojic acid soap, to achieve a lighter skin tone. Kojic acid skincare products are made with natural ingredients and work primarily as a deep exfoliating treatment.
Kojic acid was derived from a mushroom in 1989 and has since been used in several skincare and anti-aging products as a natural ingredient for lightening skin pigmentation. Kojic acid soaps are typically made with a combination of natural skin lightening fruit acid and papaya extract that work by softening the skin and creating a luminous, healthy glow.

The present inventors have discovered novel kojic acid derivatives having an improved tyrosinase-inhibiting activity as well as decreased side effects to human skin. They have found certain kojic acid derivatives of which the 2-hydroxymethyl group substituted with mono- or di-hydroxycinnamic acid show a superior tyrosinase inhibiting activity. Particularly, 2-dihydroxy cinnamoyl kojic acid exhibits an excellent activity to scavenge radicals, which are known to cause skin aging, and also exhibits decreased side effects to the skin.

Kojic acid Aroma chemicals soap is primarily an exfoliating skin product that slowly gets rid of pigmentation and dark spots by buffing away the damaged skin cells. The papaya enzymes in Kojic acid soaps help to break down the top layer of skin cells and peel away damaged skin, revealing the fresh and healthy cells underneath. This soap can be used as a regular bath soap all over the body, as a shaving foam for the face and neck, or just on the face to even out the skin tone.

The kojic acid derivatives (I) of the present invention may be prepared by the process shown in the following reaction scheme: ##STR3## wherein, R has the same meaning defined as above.

The compounds of the formula (IV) may include, for example, sodium salts of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid and of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid.

The compounds of the formula (I) may include but are not limited to, 2-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)oxymethyl-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one and 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamoyl) oxymethyl-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one.

The novel kojic acid aromatic chemicals derivatives of the formula (I) according to the present invention may be prepared, as shown in the above reaction scheme, by reacting kojic acid of the formula (II) with thionyl chloride(SOC12) in a solvent such as chloroform to give 2-chloromethyl-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one("Chlorokojic acid") of the formula (III) and reacting the compound of the formula (IV) with the chlorokojic acid in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide to give the present compound (I).
Using Kojic acid soap on a regular basis may help reduce the appearance of age spots, eliminate or reduce freckles, reduce or eliminate skin discoloration from pregnancy and strengthen cell activity. The soap is used by many Japanese men and women as part of their regular facial regimen so that the skin stays soft and vibrant. Kojic acid also has antibacterial and anti-fungal properties.

The compound of the formula (I) according to the present invention is a kojic acid derivative in which the 2-hydroxymethyl group is substituted with hydroxycinnamic acid; it exhibits a 20 fold higher activity than that of known kojic acid derivatives in terms of IC 50  (Concentration of kojic acid to inhibit the enzyme activity by 50%)(See Experimental Example 1 below). Particularly, kojic acid substituted at the 2-position with dihydroxycinnamic acid, for example 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid, is capable of strongly inhibiting tyrosinase as well as can effectively scavenging harmful radicals.

Kojic acid soap can be irritating to sensitive skin types and may cause redness, itchiness, inflammation and tenderness. It's important to use only a small amount on the arms as a trial to make sure the skin does not undergo an adverse reaction. Extra moisturizer and skin soothing serums may be necessary after using a Kojic acid soap, as these will replenish lost moisture and help the skin heal faster. People who use Kojic acid soap regularly need to avoid using skincare products that contain salicylic acid, alpha hydroxy or retinol, because these can aggravate the skin.

We have discovered that certain oxgenated and nitrogenous organic compounds, some individually but principally as mixtures, will effectively negate the n-propyl acetate - n-propanol - water ternary azeotrope and permit the separation of pure n-propyl acetate from n-propanol by rectification when employed as the agent in extractive distillation. Table 1 lists the compounds, mixtures and approximate proportions that we have found to be effective. The data in Table 1 was obtained in a vapor-liquid equilibrium still. In each case, the starting material was the n-propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope. The ratios are the parts by weight of extractive agent used per part of n-propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope. The relative volatilities are listed for each of the two ratios employed. The compounds that are effective when used alone are triethanolamine and N-methylpyrrolidone. The compounds which are effective when used in mixtures of two compounds are ethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol and tetraethylene glycol. The two relative volatilities shown in Table 1 correspond to the two different ratios employed. For example, in Table 1, one part of triethanolamine with one part of of the n-propyl acetate-n-propanol - water azeotrope gives a relative volatility of 1.44, 6/5 parts of triethanolamine give 1.54. One half part of N-methylpyrrolidone mixed with one half part of ethylene glycol with one part of the n-propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope gives a relative volatility of 1.69, 3/5 parts of N-methylpyrrolidone plus 3/5 parts of ethylene glycol gives 1.91. In every example in Table 1, the starting material is the n-propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope which possesses a relative volatility of 1.00.

Several of the compounds and mixtures listed in Table 1 and whose relative volatility had been determined in the vapor-liquid equilibrium still, were then evaluated in a glass perforated plate rectification column possessing 4.5 theoretical plates. The n-propyl acetate -n-propanol - water mixture studied contained 59.5 wt. % n-propyl acetate, 19.5 wt. % n-propanol and 21 wt. % water which is the ternary azeotrope composition. In every case the ratio of n-propyl acetate to n-propanol in the overhead is greater than 3.05 and the results are tabulated in Table 2. Without the extractive agent, the overhead would be the azeotrope whose ratio of n-propyl acetate to n-propanol is 3.05. This proves that the extractive agent is negating the azeotrope and makes the rectification proceed as if the azeotrope no longer existed and brings the more volatile components, n-propyl acetate and water, out as overhead products. It is our belief that this is the first time that this has been accomplished for this azeotrope.

The data in Table 2 was obtained in the following manner. The charge was 59.5% n-propyl acetate, 19.5% n-propanol and 21% water and after a half hour of operation in the 4.5 theoretical plate column to establish equilibrium, triethanolamine at 50° C. and 20 ml/min. was pumped in. The rectification was continued for about two hours with sampling of overhead and bottoms after one hour, 1.5 hours and two hours. The average of the three analyses is shown in Table 2 and was 94.1% n-propyl acetate in the overhead and 67.3% in the bottoms, both on a water-free basis which gives a relative volatility of 1.55 of n-propyl acetates to n-propanol.

This indicates that the ternary azeotrope has been negated and separation accomplished. The n-propyl acetate comes off in the form of its binary azeotrope with water which on condensation, immediately forms two layers. The solubility of n-propyl acetate in liquid water is only 1.6%.

The n-propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope is 59.5 wt. % n-propl acetate, 19.5 wt. % n-propanol and 21 wt % water. Fifty grams of the n-propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope and fifty grams of triethanolamine were charged to an Othmer type glass vapor-liquid equilibrium still and refluxed for eleven hours. Analysis of the vapor and liquid by gas chromatography gave a vapor composition of 74.1% n-propyl acetate, 25.9% n-propanol; a liquid composition of 66.5% n-propyl acetate, 33.5% n-propanol. This indicates a relative volatility of 1.44. Ten grams of triethanolamine were added and refluxing continued for another twelve hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 71.1% n-propyl acetate, 28.9% n-propanol; a liquid composition of 61.5% n-propyl acetate, 38.5% n-propanol which is a relative volatility of 1.54.

Fifty grams of the n-propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope, 25 grams of N-methylpyrrolidone and 25 grams of ethylene glycol were charged to the vapor-liquid equilibrium still and refluxed for seven hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 73% n-propyl acetate manufacturer , 27% n-propanol; a liquid composition of 61.6% n-propyl acetate, 38.4% n-propanol which is a relative volatility of 1.69. Five grams of N-methylpyrrolidone and five grams of ethylene glycol were added and refluxing continued for another two hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 73.5% n-propyl acetate, 26.5% n-propanol; a liquid composition of 59.2% n-propyl acetate, 40.8% n-propanol which is a relative volatility of 1.91.

A glass perforated plate rectification column was calibrated with ethylbenzene and p-xylene which possesses a relative volatility of 1.06 and found to have 4.5 theoretical plates. A solution comprising 268 grams of n-propyl acetate, 88 grams of n-propanol and 94 grams of water was placed in the stillpot and heated. When refluxing began, an extractive agent consisting of pure triethanolamine was pumped into the column at a rate of 20 ml/min. The temperature of the extractive agent as it entered the column was 50° C. After establishing the feed rate of the extractive agent, the heat input to the n-propyl acetate supplier , n-propanol and water in the stillpot was adjusted to give a total reflux rate of 10-20 ml/min. After one hour of operation, the overhead and bottoms samples of approximately two ml. were collected and analysed using gas chromatography. The overhead analysis was 94.1% n-propyl acetate, 5.9% n-propanol. The bottoms analysis was 67.3% n-propyl acetate, 32.7% n-propanol. Using these compositions in the Fenske equation, with the number of theoretical plates in the column being 4.5, gave an average relative volatility of 1.57 for each theoretical plate. After 11/2 hours of total operating time, the overhead and bottoms samples were again taken and analysed. The overhead composition was 95.5% n-propyl acetate, 4.5% n-propanol and the bottoms composition was 69% n-propyl acetate, 31% n-propanol. This gave an average relative volatility of 1.58 for each theoretical plate. After two hours of total operating time, the overhead and bottoms samples were again taken and analysed. The overhead composition was 95.7% n-propyl acetate, 4.3% n-propanol and the bottoms composition was 74.8% n-propyl acetate, 25.2% n-propanol. This gave an average relative volatility of 1.57 for each theoretical plate.

A solution of 268 grams of n-propyl acetate, 88 grams of n-propanol and 94 grams of water was placed in the stillpot of the same column used in Example 3 and heat applied. When refluxing began, an extractive agent comprising 50% N-methylpyrrolidone and 50% ethylene glycol was fed into the top of the column at a feed rate of 20 ml/min. and a temperature of 50° C. After establishing the feed rate of the extractive agent, the heat input to the n-propyl acetate wholesale , n-propanol and water in the stillpot was adjusted to give a total reflux rate of 10-20 ml/min. Having established the reflux rate, the column was allowed to operate for one hour. After one hour of steady operation, overhead and bottoms samples of approximately two ml. were collected and analysed using gas chromatography. The overhead composition was 91.3% n-propyl acetate, 8.7% n-propanol, the bottoms composition was 44.1% n-propyl acetate, 55.9% n-propanol. Using these compositions in the Fenske equation with the number of theoretical plates in the column being 4.5, gave an average relative volatility of 1.78 for each theoretical plate. After 11/2 hours of total operation, the overhead composition was 92% n-propyl acetate, 8% n-propanol and the bottoms composition was 47.5% n-propyl acetate, 52.5% n-propanol. This gave an average relative volatility of 1.76 for each theoretical plate. After two hours of total operation, the overhead composition was 92.2% n-propyl acetate, 7.8% n-propanol and the bottoms composition was 46.5% n-propyl acetate, 53.5% n-propanol. This gave an average relative volatility of 1.79 for each theoretical plate.

 

 

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Derivatives of di-n- propyl- acetic acid have gained great importance as psychopharmacologic drugs and antiepileptics. Several syntheses for the preparation of the acid have already been described.

In a known process, the starting material is malonic acid diethyl ester which is reacted initially with sodium methylate and then with allyl chloride to form d-allyl-diethyl malonate. Saponification with sodium hydroxide gives the sodium salt of diallyl malonic acid which is thermally decarboxylated to form diallyl acetic acid and subsequently hydrogenated partially to form di-n- propyl- acetic acid. The process requires the use of expensive starting materials which are difficult to handle technically such as Aroma chemicals and allyl chloride.

Another mode of operation varies a process for the preparation of di-isopropylacetic acid having been described by Sarel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 5416-5420 (1956). In this process, cyanoacetic acid ester is alkylated in the presence of sodium isopropylate by means of isopropyl iodide. This results in the formation of diisopropyl-cyanoacetic acid ester which is decarboxylated to form diisopropylacetonitrile. In further steps, the diisopropylacetonitrile is converted into diisopropylacetic acid via diisopropylacetic acid amide. The application of this reaction route to the synthesis of di-n-propylacetic acid results, however, in total yields of only 10 to 40% and, therefore, is commercially unattractive.

East German (DDR) Patent No. 129,776 describes a process for the production of di-n-propylacetic acid which starts from an ester of cyanoacetic acid. Reaction with aromatic chemicals or iodide in the presence of sodium-n- propylate, saponification of the di-n- propyl-cyanoacetic acid ester by means of caustic and acidification result in 2,2-di-n-propylcyanoacetic acid which is decarboxylated to form di-n-propylacetonitrile. The acetonitrile is subsequently converted with aqueous sulfuric acid via the acetamide into di-n- propyl- acetic acid. This process also uses expensive starting materials and requires the use of reaction steps which cannot be carried out continuously. Moreover, since the hydrolysis of acetamide to form the acid is carried out in the presence of sodium nitrite, problems in connection with environmental pollution are encountered.

It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a process for the preparation of di-n-propylacetic acid which starts from inexpensive starting materials which are available in commercial amounts at moderate prices, comprises reaction steps which are readily carried out commercially and synthesizes the desired product available in satisfactory yields.

The object of this invention is to provide a process or method of extractive distillation that will enhance the relative volatility of n- propyl acetate from n-propanol in their separation in a rectification column. It is a further object of this invention to identify suitable extractive distillation agents which will eliminate the n- propyl acetate - n-propanol - water ternary azeotrope and make possible the production of pure n- propyl acetate and n-propanol by rectification. It is a further object of this invention to identify organic compounds which, in addition to the above constraints, are stable, can be separated from n-propanol by rectification with relatively few theoretical plates and can be recycled to the extractive distillation column and reused with little decomposition.

We have discovered that certain oxgenated and nitrogenous organic compounds, some individually but principally as mixtures, will effectively negate the n- propyl acetate - n-propanol - water ternary azeotrope and permit the separation of pure n- propyl acetate from n-propanol by rectification when employed as the agent in extractive distillation. Table 1 lists the compounds, mixtures and approximate proportions that we have found to be effective. The data in Table 1 was obtained in a vapor-liquid equilibrium still. In each case, the starting material was the n- propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope. The ratios are the parts by weight of extractive agent used per part of n- propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope.

The relative volatilities are listed for each of the two ratios employed. The compounds that are effective when used alone are triethanolamine and N-methylpyrrolidone. The compounds which are effective when used in mixtures of two compounds are ethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol and tetraethylene glycol. The two relative volatilities shown in Table 1 correspond to the two different ratios employed. For example, in Table 1, one part of triethanolamine with one part of of the n- propyl acetate-n-propanol - water azeotrope gives a relative volatility of 1.44, 6/5 parts of triethanolamine give 1.54. One half part of N-methylpyrrolidone mixed with one half part of ethylene glycol with one part of the n- propyl acetate manufacturer - n-propanol - water azeotrope gives a relative volatility of 1.69, 3/5 parts of N-methylpyrrolidone plus 3/5 parts of ethylene glycol gives 1.91. In every example in Table 1, the starting material is the n- propyl acetate - n-propanol - water azeotrope which possesses a relative volatility of 1.00.

The present invention relates to a chemical-resistant wholly aromatic polyamide fiber material. More particularly, the present invention relates to a wholly aromatic polyamide fiber material having an enhanced resistance to chemicals such as alkali and acid, and also to heat.

It is known that the so-called wholly aromatic polyamide resins have higher softening and melting points than those of aliphatic polyamide resins, and exhibit desirable physical and chemical properties, such as: excellent heat-resisting properties, for example, a high ratio of mechanical strength at an elevated temperature compared to that of at room temperature, superior stabilities in dimension and shape at an elevated temperature, and a high resistance to thermal decomposition; high resistances to various chemicals, and, superior mechanical properties, for example, a high tensile strength and high Young's moduls. Also, it is known that the wholly Aroma chemicals resins have high orienting and crystallizing properties. Accordingly, the wholly aromatic polyamide resins are suitable as a material for producing filaments, fibers and films having a high heat resistance, a superior flame-retarding property, and high tensile strength and Young's modulus.

Also, it is known that in various types of industires, various types of fluids (gases and liquids) are filtered with filter cloths. The fluids to be filtered sometimes have an elevated temperature and/or contain various chemicals, for example, acid substances such as hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid), sulfur dioxide (sulfurous acid anhydride), sulfur trioxide (sulfuric acid anhydride) and sulfuric acid, and alkaline substances such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Therefore, the filter cloth should exhibit satisfactory resistance not only to elevated temperatures, but also, to various chemicals, in addition to having a satisfactory filtering property.

In view of the above-mentioned preferable properties of the wholly aromatic polyamide resins, it is expected that the wholly aromatic chemicals are useful for producing a filter cloth suitable for filtering various fluids having an elevated temperature and containing various chemicals.

Hitherto, the filter cloth resistant to heat and chemicals were produced from inorganic fibers, for example, glass fibers or asbestos fibers, or synthetic organic fibers, for example, polyethylene terephthalate fibers or poly-m-phenylene isophthalate fibers. The glass fibers and asbestos fibers are highly resistant to heat and acid substances. However, the glass fibers exhibit an unsatisfactory resistance to alkaline substances, a poor filtering property to dust and a large flexural fatigue. The polyethylene terephthalate fiber cloth exhibits an excellent filtering property and resistance to flexural fatigue. However, the polyethylene terephthalate fiber cloth is unsatisfactory in its resistance to acid and alkaline substances and heat. Also, the wholly aromatic polyamide fiber cloth has an excellent filtering property and excellent resistances to heat, flexural fatigue and alkaline substances. However, the filtering cloth consisting of wholly aromatic polyamide fibers such as poly-m-phenylene isophthalate fibers exhibits an unsatisfactory resistance to acid substances.

In order to enhance the resistance of the wholly Aroma chemical cloth to the chemicals, various types of treatments on the wholly aromatic polyamide fiber cloth were attempted. However, the attempted treatments not only failed to impart a satisfactory resistance to chemicals to the wholly aromatic polyamide fiber cloth, but also, caused the filtering property of the cloth to become remarkably poor.

Accordingly, it is strongly desired to enhance the resistance of the wholly polyamide fiber material to chemicals without degrading another properties thereof, for example, the filtering property, resistance to heat or the mechanical strength thereof.

To Wear Perfume:
1.Apply perfume to the pulse points of the wrists and throat. A couple of spritzes from about 6 inches away should moisten the skin slightly. Do not over-apply thinking that the scent should stay strong all day long. Subtly is the key to proper application.
2.Restrain from spraying more perfume periodically throughout the day. The nose becomes desensitized to fragrances and an individual will not be able to smell their own scent while others still can.
3.Spray some cologne on the nape of the neck and shoulder for aromatic chemical manufacturer . A woman's partner will be pleasantly surprised by a hint of perfume along the collar bone or on the lower back. The scent should only be as strong as a single flower and not overpowering.
4.Select a perfume to augment the outside world. For example, chose a flowery fragrance for those days when the sun is hidden by clouds and the weather is gloomy. Pick an exotic woody fragrance for cold snowy days. A perfume with a suggestion of spice is a good choice for a quiet time at home.
5.Add just a hint of another fragrance to a different area of the body, such as the back or lower legs. This nearly imperceptible interchange of fragrances will register subconsciously with others and cause them to take notice.

Packaging and packaged products susceptible to insect attack are afforded protective character against such attack by incorporation in the packaging an insect-combating amount of 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone.

The present invention relates in one aspect to a packaging article, comprising a package structure, component or material of construction, containing an insect-combating amount of 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a packaged product comprising a package including a package structure, component or material of construction, containing an insect-combating amount of 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone, and a contained product in said package.
A further aspect of the invention relates to a method of combating insects to which a packaging is susceptible, comprising fabricating said packaging with an incorporated insect-combating amount of 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method of combating insects to which a packaging and/or its contents is susceptible, comprising fabricating said packaging with an incorporated insect-combating amount of 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone.
Other aspects, features and embodiments of the present invention will be more fully apparent from the ensuing disclosure and appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a packaged product including a package at least some of whose components contain an insect-combating amount of 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone.

The disclosures of the following patents and patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/808,499 filed Mar. 14, 2001 in the name of R. Michael Roe, now allowed; U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,975; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,290.
The present invention is based on the discovery that insect-combating agents, viz., insect repellants and insecticides, are usefully incorporated in packaging as intrinsic ingredients of the packaging structure, materials and/or components, to provide a protective function with respect to the packaging per se and/or the contained product of or in the packaging. The invention thus achieves a substantial advance over the prior art approach of localized application of insect-combating agents to environments in which the packaged product is disposed, such prior art approach being extremely wasteful of the insect-combating agent, which has a tendency to be overapplied, or very unevenly applied, and whose insect-combating activity is confined to such locus, so that when the packaged product is removed from the treated location, the insect-combating efficacy is lost as regards the package and its contents.

The insect-combating agent in preferred practice of the invention is 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone, which has been discovered to possess insect-repelling activity, as well as insecticidal activity, for a variety of insect pests to which packaging and packaged products are susceptible to attack. Although described hereinafter with primary reference to 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone as the insect-combating agent, it will be appreciated that the insect-combating activity evidenced by 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone with respect to pest species such as ticks, fleas, aphids, cockroaches, flies (horse flies, deer flies, black flies, etc.), gnats, no-see ums, chiggers, thrips, mosquitoes, beetles (e.g., Colorado potato beetle), etc., may be correspondingly achieved with other insect-combating agents and/or with respect to other insect species. It will also be appreciated that the packaging and methods of the invention are applicable to larvae as well as adult insects.

In accordance with the invention, the insect-combating agent is incorporated in the packaging for a packaged product, to provide protection against insect attack to the packaging and/or the packaged product goods. The packaged product goods may be of any suitable type, as for example human and/or veterinary foods/nutritional products, cosmetics, Pharmaceutical Intermediates , and other organic and inorganic materials. One particularly preferred application of the present invention is veterinary foods/nutritional products and veterinary medicine products that are susceptible to attack by insect pests. These include animal feeds for a wide variety of animals, including dogs, cattle, rabbits, sheep, pigs, horses, birds, and other mammalian, avian and reptilian species, including domesticated as well as wild varieties, and including livestock, pets and service animals.

The invention is described hereinafter with specific reference to 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone as the illustrative insect-combating agent.
The 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone insect-combating agent may be incorporated in packaging, as an ingredient of a constituent package structure, e.g., a cellulosic web or sheet material such as cardboard, kraft paper, fiberboard, corrugated paper stock, or the like, which may incorporate the 2-undecanone in the pulped or fiber suspension furnish from which the cellulosic web or sheet material is formed, so that the product web or sheet contains the 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone as an intrinsic component thereof.

The packaging may be formed of or comprise a polymeric film material, in which the 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone may be utilized in the manner of a plastics additive, e.g., antioxidants, plasticizers, flame retardants, uv absorbers, etc., being compounded in the melt composition from which the polymeric film is formed, such as by blow molding, rotomolding, extrusion, melt casting, solvent casting, injection molding, etc.
The packaging may be formed of a porous matrix material, such as for example a ceramic, wood, sintered metal, felt, woven fabric, non-woven fabric, or the like, which is impregnated with the 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone, such as by immersion in a pressure tank containing a 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone solution, spraying of a solution or suspension of 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone on the porous matrix material, roller coating of the material, dip coating under ambient pressure conditions, etc.

The insect-combating 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone component may additionally or alternatively be incorporated in the packaging in a liner, window, insert, bag, or compartment of the package structure, or in a packet, sachet, ampule, or the like, which is deployed in the package as a constituent part thereof.
As a further technique, the 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone may be formulated in a glue or adhesive bonding medium that is used to assemble or secure the package, such as a glue line at seams of a cardboard box, a bondant medium that is employed to affix a reclosable flap of a container to a top or side portion of the container main body, a sealant medium that is used to provide a moisture-proof seal at a cellophane window joint at a box opening containing a cellophane panel in the window opening for the purpose of viewing the package contents, or other structural application in which a glue, adhesive, bondant and/or sealant is employed to fabricate the finished package. The 2-undecanone product or 2-tridecanone may be provided in an insect-combating amount and form, as an ingredient of any structural part, component, or material of the package. 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone (methyl nonyl ketone) is commercially available from the Sigma-Aldrich Company, P.O. Box 2060, Milwaukee, Wis. 53201 U.S.A. as catalog number U-130-3.

Liquid formulations of 2-undecanone or 2-tridecanone for incorporation in packaging in accordance with the invention, e.g., for spraying, dip coating, impregnation, etc. of package panels or structural components, may be aqueous-based or non-aqueous (i.e., organic solvents), or combinations thereof, and may be employed as foams, gels, suspensions, emulsions, microemulsions or emulsifiable concentrates or the like. The ingredients may include rheological agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants or polymers.

 

 

from:freepatentsonline

Aroma is the release of fragrant oils when gourmet coffee beans are roasted. Inferior beans rarely have a rich aroma. To determine the best gourmet coffee beans, find an Aroma chemicals that is fruity, spicy, or even chocolate-like. Unpleasant aroma adjectives include grassy, musty or harsh.

To taste coffee correctly, spoon a little coffee into your mouth and slurp it while inhaling. Air mixed with the coffee disperses it to touch each area of the tongue. Consistency and body are experienced by swirling the coffee around in your mouth. With coffee in your mouth, feel the roof of your mouth with your tongue. Does it feel thick and oily? If so, it has a full body. Gourmet coffee beans can produce light, medium or a full-bodied liquid.

This invention relates to the art of fragrance compositions and, more particularly, to a class of compounds possessing desirable aroma chemical . More specifically, this invention is directed to a class of compounds useful as fragrances or as components in fragrance compositions.

The art of perfumery began, perhaps, in the ancient cave dwellings, of prehistoric man. From its inception, and until comparatively recently, the perfumer has utilized natural perfume chemicals of animal and vegetable origin. Thus, natural perfume chemicals such as the essential oils, for example, oil of rose and oil of cloves, and animal secretions such as musk, have been manipulated by the perfumer to achieve a variety of fragrances. In more recent years, however, research perfume chemists have developed a large number for synthetic odoriferous chemicals possessing aroma characteristics particularly desired in the art. These synthetic aroma chemicals have added a new dimension to the ancient art of the perfumer, since the compounds prepared are usually of a stable chemical nature, are inexpensive as compared with the natural perfume chemicals and lend themselves more easily to manipulation than natural perfume chemicals since such natural perfume chemicals are usually a complex mixture of substances which defy chemical analysis. In contrast thereto, the synthetic aroma chemicals possess a known chemical structure and may therefore be manipulated by the perfumer to suit specific needs. Accordingly, there is a great need in the art of fragrance compositions for compounds possessing specific characteristic aromas.

The principal object of the present invention is to provide such a class of aromatic chemicals .

Another object of the present invention is to provide a specific class of compounds having characteristic aromas which are useful in the preparation of fragrances and fragrance compositions.

These and other objects, aspects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from a consideration of the accompanying specification and claims.

In accordance with the above objects, there is provided by the present invention a class of compounds represented by the structural formulae  wherein n is an integer 0 or 1; A, B and C each independently represent hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, provided that when n is 0 at least one of A, B or C cannot be hydrogen; R represents hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; D and E each independently represent hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, provided that the sum of the carbon atoms in D and E does not exceed 6, provided that, in the bicyclo compounds, at least one of A, B, C, D or E must be an alkyl; m is an integer 1 through 8; F and G represent hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; X represents  wherein p is an integer 0 through 2 and I and J each independently represent hydrogen or methyl, provided that if p is 0 then m must be greater than 2; provided that the sum of the carbon and oxygen atoms in the compound is no greater than 23. These aromatic chemical are useful as fragrances or as components in fragrance compositions.

Choosing the best gourmet coffee beans requires extensive knowledge about coffee. As with wine, coffee bean connoisseurs use specific terms to define what makes a good cup. Determining the best gourmet coffee beans requires tasting different coffees. One way to experience this is to set up a home coffee tasting, or coffee cupping, to sample various beans. When sipping coffee, consider flavor, body, acidity and aroma.

The compounds of this invention are useful as fragrances in the preparation and formulation of fragrance compositions such as perfumes and perfumed products due to their pleasing, strong and long-lasting aroma chemical manufacturer . Perfume compositions and the use thereof in cosmetic, detergent and bar soap formulations and the like are exemplary of the utility thereof. Likewise, these compounds can be utilized as the primary fragrance in many such compositions.

It has been determined that the structural formulae of the compounds of this invention form many different spatial configurations, i.e., mixtures of stereo isomers. These mixtures of isomers all appear to exhibit fragrance characteristics that are desired by perfumers in compounding fragrances.

The compounds of this invention are used in concentrations of from trace amounts up to about 50 percent of the fragrance composition into which they are incorporated. As will be expected, the concentration of the compound will vary depending on the particular fragrance desired in the composition and even within the same composition when compounded by different perfumers.

It has been found that the compounds of this invention possess notes with good intensity and persistence. This fragrance quality particularly adapts the compounds for incorporation into fragrance compositions and fragrance modifying compositions having a desirable aroma. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art from the present invention that the fragrance character of the finished fragrance compositions can be tailored to specific uses, as more fully described hereinafter.



source:blogigo|aroma chemicals

Bush Boake Allen Inc. manufactures flavor and fragrance chemicals and aroma chemicals for the food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and household products industries. The flavorings, including essential oils, seasonings, and spice extracts, impart a desired taste and smell to a broad range of consumer products, such as snack foods, confections, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages. The fragrance products appear in soaps, detergents, air fresheners, cleaners, cosmetics, toiletries, and related products. BBA's aroma chemicals are primarily used as raw materials in fragrance compounds. The company, in 1998, had operations in 39 countries. It was 68 percent owned by International Paper Company in 1999.

Albright & Wilson Ltd., a British aroma chemicals manufacturer , founded Bush Boake Allen, Ltd. in 1966 by merging W.J. Bush Ltd., A. Boake Roberts Ltd., and Stafford Allen Ltd. These three companies dated back to the 19th century, with the oldest founded in 1833. Bush specialized in liquid flavors, Boake in aroma chemicals and fragrances, and Allen in spices and seasonings. Based in London, BBA had sales of about $90 million in 1978, the year it purchased Monsanto Flavor/Essence, Inc. of Montvale, New Jersey, and Patchogue, New York. Parent Monsanto Company had entered the flavors and fragrances business in 1968, when it purchased George Lueders & Co.

Bush Boake Allen was already a large-scale producer of fragrance synthetics from pinene, a compound derived from sulfate turpentine. The acquisition of Monsanto Flavor/Essence, which had annual sales of about $12 million, gave it access to more synthetic aromatic chemicals technology and rights to "Vellex" malodor counteractants, a product line seen as having great growth potential. BBA had sales of $125 million in 1981.

The following year, Tenneco Inc., which had acquired Albright & Wilson in 1978, sold BBA to Union Camp Corporation, a diversified U.S. manufacturer which made its purchase a wholly owned subsidiary.

Bush Boake Allen had, at this time, 13 manufacturing or compounding facilities on five continents. Its operations were a good fit for Union Camp's own aroma chemicals business, which was based on distilling crude sulfate turpentine into intermediate terpene fractions and aroma chemical precursors. The addition of BBA gave Union Camp greater manufacturing capability to produce a broad range of these chemicals.

With regard to food flavors, local tastes and customs in individual countries as well as a host of different government regulations had to be taken into account. Fragrance markets tended to be more uniform, but considerable creativity was needed to gain acceptance for a new fragrance. Both flavors and fragrances required extensive technical, analytical, and service backup. Bush Boake Allen had testing facilities that included a bakery, small-scale ice cream and soft drink plants, a meat processing operation, and an experimental kitchen, in order to test, as close to true production conditions as possible, the behavior of a particular flavor in the medium for which it was prepared.

A large part of Bush Boake Allen's development activity in aromatic chemical was taking place in London and at a plant in Widnes, England, where operations began in 1958. Sophisticated instrumental analysis was being employed, including chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance in order to isolate and identify constituents of both natural and synthetic materials. This work led to the synthesis of these materials into flavor and fragrance ingredients that could be produced to exacting standards. Although many natural aroma materials were still being employed in compounding flavors and fragrances, pinene-derived synthetic chemicals of the type produced in distillation plants both at Widnes and Union Camp's facility in Jacksonville, Florida, were playing an increasingly dominant role.

Bush Boake Allen's Widnes plant also was producing aroma chemicals from hydrocarbon feedstocks. An expansion of this facility--not completed until 1994--was authorized in 1986 to provide increased production of Lilestralis, BBA's brand name for a non-turpentine, lily aldehyde aroma chemical of perfumery quality for use in a range of toiletry and household products. BBA also was producing, at other locations in England, continental Europe, the Americas, and the Far East, a wide variety of spice products and essential oils (such as citrus and mint) from natural ingredients (such as vanilla and fruit extracts). The BBA division was the largest of Union Camp's chemical group, which had sales of $404 million in 1988.

By this time BBA was the largest processor of turpentine in the world, separating sulfate turpentine into its major components, alpha pinene and beta pinene, at Jacksonville, and then further processing the fractions at Jacksonville and Widnes. Alpha pinene was a source of pine oil used in household cleaners and disinfectants and also was being upgraded into other specialized products. Beta pinene was being used in the production of synthetic aroma chemicals such as 2-Undecanone , citronellol, and citral.

During the 1980s Bush Boake Allen expanded its network of flavor and fragrance facilities in order to bring its services closer to local markets throughout the world. It had a presence in 21 countries in 1984 and 23 in 1986. In 1987 it opened new facilities in Jamaica, Japan, and Thailand, and it also acquired Grundy Thompson, an Australian powdered-flavor company. The following year it opened a new facility in Italy. In all, 13 such facilities were opened during the decade, including six in 1988 and 1989, and more were pending for the Middle East, South America, and the Pacific Rim.

Bush Boake Allen greatly broadened its position in the United States by acquiring, in 1990, Chicago-based Food Materials Corp., a producer of flavor compounds and vanilla extract. In 1992 it purchased Texas Laboratories, a leading maker of custom seasoning blends for the propyl acetate and food processing industries with plants in Carrollton, Texas, and Norwood, New Jersey. The purchase price was about $5.9 million. BBA's presence abroad also continued to increase, extending to 27 countries in 1991 and 30 in 1992. The division had record revenues of $336.3 million and record net income of $20.6 million in 1993.

Bush Boake Allen's plans called for further expansion by acquisition and for a greater penetration of two hot markets: Asia and South America. The division was also giving high priority to development of new synthetic musks, improved industrial reodorants, an extended line of dairy flavors, and production of enzyme-modified cheese products with wide application in many processed foods. Union Camp decided that commitment of the necessary funds would be met by selling tiglic acid about 30 percent of BBA's shares to the public.

In 1994 5.6 million shares of Bush Boake Allen stock were sold at $16 a share, raising about $84 million in funds for the newly public company, which moved its headquarters from London to Montvale, New Jersey. "It's a risky move," a fragrance industry executive told Matthew Gallagher of Chemical Market Reporter. "This business is very secretive and given the necessity of releasing a prospectus as a part of going public, all sorts of sensitive information is out there for scrutiny"--including sales revenue, market share, profit margin, and corporate strategies.

Bush Boake Allen registered record revenues and net income in 1994, 1995, and 1996, when it was the seventh largest in its industry. Flavors were the company's major sector, accounting for 58 percent of sales in 1996. Of this sum, snack and processed foods, beverages, and confectionery and bakery accounted for 79 percent. Aroma chemicals accounted for 25 percent of the company's sales and fragrances for the remaining 17 percent. Of BBA's fragrances, sales for cleaners and air fresheners accounted for 39 percent, soaps and detergents for 30 percent, and cosmetics and toiletries for 23 percent. BBA was the largest worldwide producer of pine oil. Fine fragrances for colognes and perfumes accounted for eight percent.

Bush Boake Allen earmarked $22.5 million for research and development in 1996. The company's Generessence program allowed researchers to isolate and synthesize totally new aromatic chemicals for the exclusive use of the company's perfumers and flavorists. BBA also was engaged in developing several processes intended to enhance its position as an integrated producer of vanilla.

Interviewed for BUSINESS News New Jersey in 1997, Bush Boake Allen chief executive Julian Boyden said, "It takes about as long to develop a good perfumer as it does a good brain surgeon .... You have to be able to identify about 2,000 chemicals by smell and/or taste. It takes about 10 years to build up that skill." He added that because fat is the biggest modifier of taste, the popularity of low-fat foods was creating a lot of work in developing low-fat and fat-free foods that would taste as good or the same as foods with more fat in them.

Bush Boake Allen was, in 1997, the world's leading producer of geraniol and Lilestralis as well as pine oil. Hoping to become the premier supplier of aroma chemicals supplier , the company was planning to build an aroma-chemical plant outside of Madras, India, increase geraniol capacity at its Jacksonville plant, and increase its production of petrochemical-based aroma chemicals in Widnes. BBA was the first company to produce aroma chemicals both from terpene and petrochemicals. Widnes had made a shift from turpentine-based aroma chemicals to petroleum-derived ones, such as the ones marketed under the Lilestralis, Abbalide, and Boisvelone trade names, thereby leaving BBA less dependent on turpentine supplies, which varied in quantity according to cyclical production in the paper industry.

Bush Boake Allen's 1997 revenues rose to $491 million, but its net income slipped slightly to $31 million. In 1998, although revenues dropped to $485 million, net income was a record $33.7 million. Interviewed by Peter Landau of Chemical Marketing Reporter in early 1999, Boyden said that in the fragrance industry, "the margins have certainly gotten tougher over the last 10 years or so." He said that in the flavor business, the firm's ambition was to build on higher-value compound flavors. such as state-of-the-art spray-dried products. Boyden added, "We're also investing more on the biotech side of our business, looking particularly at dairy flavors at our operation in Wisconsin, developing a range of enhanced dairy flavors, as well as increased natural products from physical separation."

In 1998 Bush Boake Allen opened a major production facility in Istanbul, Turkey, and its first Mexican plant. It had manufacturing and compounding facilities in 15 countries at the end of the year. In addition to the Jacksonville and Widnes plants for aroma chemical, BBA had a production center for seasonings at Carrollton, Texas, and one for both seasonings and essential oils at Long Melford, England. The company also had 43 laboratories. BBA spent $25.2 million on research and development during 1998.

Bush Boake Allen was constantly creating new compounds in order to meet the many and changing characteristics of its customers' end products. Its flavor products also included essential oils, natural extracts, spice extracts, and seasonings derived from fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs, and spices as well as ingredients enhanced by enzymes. These were being sold in liquid, powder, and paste forms. Sweet flavors included a full range of fruit flavors as well as flavors such as vanilla, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Savory flavors included meat, cheese, and fish flavors. BBA also was producing flavors for specific applications, principally in the tea, oral-hygiene, and pharmaceutical industries. Bush Boake Allen's range of fragrance products included a line of compounds based on extensive analysis of scents from living plants and flowers, marketed under the Generessence trade name.

Sales of flavor compounds accounted for about 35 percent of Bush Boake Allen's net sales in 1998. Sales of fragrances (excluding the resale of aroma chemicals) accounted for 19 percent, and sales of aroma chemicals , 24 percent. Sales of natural products used as flavoring items in their own right and also as raw materials for fragrances and compounding flavors accounted for the remaining 22 percent. International Paper Company became the majority stockholder of Bush Boake Allen when it purchased Union Camp in 1999.

 

 

from:answers

What is Kojic Acid ?
Kojic Acid is one of the most successful recent and natural skin whitening agents.  It is a natural product derived form a fungus (mushroom). Kojic Acid has been successfully used to lighten pigment spots and skin discoloration.

Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-pyrone ) is used in skin care formulations to lighten the skin, like another agent, hydroquinone. However, while hydroquinone works by inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase by acting as a melanocyte cytotoxic inhibitor and by increasing the cytotoxicity of melanocytes (melanin-producing cells), kojic acid lightens the skin solely by suppressing tyrosinase activity (by inhibiting catecholase activity of tyrosinase) in a non-traditional fashion. Kojic acid is revered worldwide for its skin-lightening abilities, and is commonly used in topical formulations to treat dark spots. 

Kojic acid is a by-product in the fermentation process of malting rice for use in the manufacture of sake, the Japanese rice wine. There is definitely convincing research, both in vitro and in vivo, and also in animal studies, showing that kojic acid is effective for inhibiting melanin production (Sources: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, August 2002, pages 1045–1048; Analytical Biochemistry, June 2002, pages 260–268; Cellular Signaling, September 2002, pages 779–785; American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, September-October 2000, pages 261–268; and Archives of Pharmacal Research, August 2001, pages 307–311). Both glycolic acid and kojic acid, as well as glycolic acid with hydroquinone are highly effective in reducing the pigment in melasma patients (Source: Dermatological Surgery, May 1996, pages 443–447).

Why aren't there more products available containing kojic acid? 
Kojic acid is an extremely unstable ingredient in cosmetic formulations. Upon exposure to air or sunlight it turns a strange shade of brown and loses its efficacy. Many cosmetics companies use kojic dipalmitate as an alternative because it is far more stable in formulations. However, there is no research showing that kojic dipalmitate is as effective as kojic acid, though it is a good antioxidant. Research shows that Kojic Acid supplier is best presented and stored in glass ampoules.

What is pigmentation?
Pigmentation is a disorder of skin complexion and color due to the increase in production of melanin.  In females, pigmentation often occurs due to hormonal changes in the body (in pregnancy, menopause etc), and appears as brown patches on the face.  Sun exposure causes this type of pigmentation increase, and also causes dark irregular patches on the exposed skin, like the upper lip, eye contour and body.  Another type of pigmentation is freckles.

How does it work?
Kojic acid can inhibit tyronisase activity, thus inhibiting skin melanin formation. Kojic acid and it's derivatives are widely used in high-quality skin lightening cosmetics, bath preparations and mouth or teeth care products. Cosmetics containing kojic acid can treat freckles, acne and pigmentation effectively without any toxic and bad results.

To get the best results out of Kojic Acid it is recommended to buy from a pharmacy the concentrate presented in glass cosmetic ampoules, as the Kojic Acid will be very concentrated, active and free from impurities.

Dermastir Kojic Acid skincare ampoules by ALTA CARE Laboratoires can be applied alone on the face without the need of mixing it with anything else. Otherwise it may also be added to your  night cream.  Since the Dermastir Kojic Acid Ampoule is a concentrate it may be applied on the face once every three days since kinetic studies show that the ingredients remain present and active in the skin for up to 3 days. It is highly recommended to use sun blocks all the year around especially during treatments with Dermastir Kojic acid ampoules.

 

 

from:articlesbase

Some benefits that have been linked to aromatherapy, such as relaxation and clarity of mind, may arise from the placebo effect rather than from the inherent properties of the scents themselves. The consensus among most medical professionals is that while some aromas chemicals have demonstrated effects on mood and relaxation and may have related benefits for patients, there is currently insufficient scientific proof of many of the claims made for aromatherapy. Scientific research on the cause and effect of aromatherapy is limited, although in vitro testing has revealed some antibacterial and antiviral effects. A few double blind studies in the field of clinical psychology relating to the treatment of severe dementia have been published. Essential oils have a demonstrated efficacy in dental mouthwash products.

Like many alternative therapies, few controlled, double-blind studies have been carried out—a common explanation is that there is little incentive to do so if the results of the studies are not patentable. Researchers at Sloan-Kettering have found that aromatherapy significantly reduces claustrophobia attacks for patients undergoing MRI scans;  however, studies of similar rigor are far from numerous.

Skeptical literature suggests that aromatherapy is based on the anecdotal evidence of its benefits rather than proof that aromatherapy can cure diseases. Scientists and medical professionals acknowledge that aromatherapy has limited scientific support, but critics argue that the claims of most aromatic chemical go beyond the data, and/or that the studies are neither adequately controlled nor peer reviewed.

Some proponents of aromatherapy believe that the claimed effect of each type of oil is not caused by the chemicals in the oil interacting with the senses, but because the oil contains a distillation of the "life force" of the plant from which it is derived that will "balance the energies" of the body and promote healing or well-being by purging negative vibrations from the body's energy field. Arguing that there is no scientific evidence that healing can be achieved, and that the claimed "energies" even exist, many skeptics reject this form of aromatherapy as pseudoscience or even quackery.

van der Watt and Janca have discovered that some of psychological disorders can be healed with the therapy through inhalation exercises, suggesting that further scientific studies, especially toxicity data, need to be conducted and collected to validate the finding .Other application include

    * to menopausal symptoms (inconclusive)
    * to nausea (inconclusive)

In addition, there are potential safety concerns. Because essential oils are highly concentrated they can irritate the skin when used neat, that is undiluted. Therefore, they are normally diluted with a carrier oil for topical application. Phototoxic reactions may occur with citrus peel oils such as lemon or lime. Also, many essential oils have aroma chemical components that are sensitisers (meaning that they will after a number of uses cause reactions on the skin, and more so in the rest of the body). Some of the chemical allergies could even be caused by pesticides, if the original plants are cultivated  . Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, with cats being particularly prone.

Two common oils, lavender and tea tree, have been implicated in causing gynaecomastia, an abnormal breast tissue growth, in prepubescent boys, although the report which cites this potential issue is based on observations of only three boys (and so is not a scientific study), and two of those boys were significantly above average in weight for their age, thus already prone to gynaecomastia. A child hormone specialist at the University of Cambridge claimed "... these oils can mimic estrogens" and "people should be a little bit careful about using these 

As with any bioactive substance, an essential oil that may be safe for the general public could still pose hazards for pregnant and lactating women.

While some advocate the ingestion of aromatic chemicals manufacturer for therapeutic purposes, licensed aromatherapy professionals do not recommend self prescription due the highly toxic nature of some essential oil. Some very common oils like Eucalyptus are extremely toxic when taken internally. Doses as low as one teaspoon has been reported to cause clinically significant symptoms and severe poisoning can occur after ingestion of 4 to 5 ml. A few reported cases of toxic reactions like liver damage and seizures have occurred after ingestion of sage, hyssop, thuja, and cedar. Accidental ingestion may happen when oils are not kept out of reach of children.

Oils both ingested and applied to the skin can potentially have negative interaction with conventional medicine. For example, the topical use of methyl salicylate heavy oils like Sweet Birch and Wintergreen may cause hemorrhaging in users taking the anticoagulant Warfarin.

Adulterated oils may also pose problems depending on the type of substance used.

 

 

from:wiki

    * Antibacterial: In vitro testing has confirmed antibacterial effects in certain oils including rosemary, clove, lime, cinnamon, and tea tree oil.
    * Antiviral: Supported for tea tree oil, lemongrass, sandalwood, peppermint, ginger, thyme, and hyssop in in vitro testing against Herpes
    * Antifungal: Supported by in vitro testing for lavender, thyme, clove, juniper, and tea tree oil
    * Anti-inflammatory: Reported in in-vitro assays of clove, cinnamon, sage, eucalyptus, black cumin and bay leaf
    * Anxiolytic: Reported in animal models using oils of lavender, rose and angelica
    * Antispasmotic (spasmolytic): Spasmolytic properties for catnip, lavender and New Zealand tea tree oils have been reported in animal studies.
    * Antioxidant: thyme, clove, rose, eucalyptus, fennel, and bergamot in studies of bovine cells

    * Basil is used in perfumery for its clear, sweet and mildly spicy aroma chemicals . In aromatherapy, it is used for sharpening sexual concentration, for its uplifting effect on depression, and to relieve headaches and migraines. Basil oil has many chemotypes and some are known to be emmenagogues and should be avoided during pregnancy.
    * Bergamot is one of the most popular oils in perfumery. It is an excellent insect repellent and may be helpful for both the urinary tract and for the digestive tract. It is useful for skin conditions linked to stress, such as cold sores and chicken pox, especially when combined with eucalyptus oil. Bergamot is a flavoring agent in Earl Grey tea. Cold-pressed Bergamot oil contains bergaptene, a strong photosensitizer when applied to the skin, so only distilled or 'bergaptene-free' types can be topically used.
    * Black pepper has a sharp and spicy aromatic chemicals . Common uses include stimulating the circulation and for muscular aches and pains. Skin application is useful for bruises, since it stimulates the circulation.
    * Citronella oil, obtained from a relative of lemongrass, is used as an insect repellent and in perfumery.
    * Clove oil is a topical analgesic, especially useful in dentistry. It is also used an antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, and antiemetic.
    * Eucalyptus oil is often used in combination with peppermint to provide relief for the airways in case of cold or flu.
    * Geranium oil is used as an astringent, antiseptic and diuretic.
    * Jasmine is used as an aphrodisiac.
    * Lavender oil is used as an antiseptic, to soothe minor cuts and burns, to calm and relax, for insomnia and to soothe headaches and migraines.
    * Lemon oil is uplifting and anti-stress/anti-depressant. In a Japanese study, lemon essential oil in vapour form has been found to reduce stress in mice. Research at The Ohio State University indicates that Lemon oil aroma chemicals

Pharmacological effects attributed to essential oils

may enhance one's mood, and help with relaxation.
    * Rose is used as an aphrodisiac.
    * Sandalwood oil is used as an aphrodisiac.
    * Tea tree oil and many other essential oils have topical (external) antimicrobial (i.e. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, or antiparasitic) activity and are used as antiseptics, disinfectants, and in mouthrinses.
    * Thyme oil
    * Yarrow oil is used to reduce joint inflammation and relieve cold and influenza symptoms.
    * Ylang-ylang oil is used as an aphrodisiac.

 

from:wiki

Aromatherapy is the treatment or prevention of disease by use of essential oils. Two basic mechanisms are offered to explain the purported effects. One is the influence of aroma chemical on the brain, especially the limbic system through the olfactory system. The other is the direct pharmacological effects of the essential oils. While precise knowledge of the synergy between the body and aromatic chemicals oils is often claimed by aromatherapists, the efficacy of aromatherapy remains to be proven. However, some preliminary clinical studies show positive effects.

In the English-speaking world, practitioners tend to emphasize the use of oils in massage. Aromatherapy tends to be regarded as a complementary modality at best and a pseudoscientific fraud at worst.

On the continent, especially in France, where it originated, aromatherapy is incorporated into mainstream medicine. There, the use of the antiseptic, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of oils in the control of infections is emphasized over the approaches familiar to North Americans. In France some essential oils are regulated as prescription drugs, and thus administered by a physician. French doctors use a technique called the aromatogram to guide their decision on which essential oil to use. First the doctor cultures a sample of infected tissue or secretion from the patient. Next the growing culture is divided among petri dishes supplied with agar. Each petri dish is inoculated with a different essential oil to determine which have the most activity against the target strain of microorganism. The antiseptic activity manifests as a pattern of inhibited growth.

In many countries, essential oils are included in the national pharmacopoeia, but aromatherapy as science has never been recognized as a valid branch of medicine in the United States, Russia, Germany, or Japan.

Aaroma fine chemicals oils (EOs), phytoncides, and other natural VOCs work in different ways. At the scent level they activate the limbic system and emotional centers of the brain. When applied to the skin (commonly in form of "massage oils," i.e., 1%–10% solutions of EO in carrier oil) they activate thermal receptors and kill microbes and fungi. Internal application of essential oil preparations (mainly in pharmacological drugs; generally not recommended for home use apart from dilution—1%–5% in fats or mineral oils, or hydrosoles) may stimulate the immune system.

Aromatherapy is the treatment or prevention of disease by use of essential oils. Two basic mechanisms are offered to explain the purported effects. One is the influence of aroma on the brain, especially the limbic system through the olfactory system. The other is the direct pharmacological effects of the essential oils. While precise knowledge of the synergy between the body and aromatic oils is often claimed by aromatherapists, the efficacy of aromatherapy remains to be proven. However, some preliminary clinical studies show positive effects.

In the English-speaking world, practitioners tend to emphasize the use of oils in massage. Aromatherapy tends to be regarded as a complementary modality at best and a pseudoscientific fraud at worst.

On the continent, especially in France, where it originated, aromatherapy is incorporated into mainstream medicine. There, the use of the antiseptic, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of oils in the control of infections is emphasized over the approaches familiar to North Americans. In France some essential oils are regulated as prescription drugs, and thus administered by a physician. French doctors use a technique called the aromatogram to guide their decision on which essential oil to use. First the doctor cultures a sample of infected tissue or secretion from the patient. Next the growing culture is divided among petri dishes supplied with agar. Each petri dish is inoculated with a different essential oil to determine which have the most activity against the target strain of microorganism. The antiseptic activity manifests as a pattern of inhibited growth.

In many countries, essential oils are included in the national pharmacopoeia, but aromatherapy as science has never been recognized as a valid branch of medicine in the United States, Russia, Germany, or Japan.

aromatic chemicals oils (EOs), phytoncides, and other natural VOCs work in different ways. At the scent level they activate the limbic system and emotional centers of the brain. When applied to the skin (commonly in form of "massage oils," i.e., 1%–10% solutions of EO in carrier oil) they activate thermal receptors and kill microbes and fungi. Internal application of essential oil preparations (mainly in pharmacological drugs; generally not recommended for home use apart from dilution—1%–5% in fats or mineral oils, or hydrosoles) may stimulate the immune system.

Oils vary in price based on the amount of the harvest, the country of origin, the type of extraction used (steam distillation, CO2 extract, enfleurage), and how desirable the oil is. Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) is considered more desirable than Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum), based upon the aroma chemical, and is twice as costly, mainly because the tree that yields Indian Sandalwood essential oils is endangered, and because S. Spicatum essential oil contains only about 17% α-santalol and 7% β-santalol - much less than S. Album oil.Organic and wild harvested essential oils also tend to be more expensive.

Price is also determined by whether the oil is 'cut' or not. There are few companies and individuals that produce then resell 'pure', unadulterated essential oils. Many times oils are extracted, by whatever form, then repressed or thinned with a carrier of alcohol or some such substance. This lowers the quality of the healing properties of the oils. It can also lower the price necessary for a profit to be made, especially with higher priced oils such as rose or frankinscense.

 

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Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant materials, known as essential oils, and similar Aroma chemicals from plants, for the purpose of improving a person's mood, cognitive function or health. Preliminary scientific evidence is growing in all these areas. An aroma therapist is the person who performs the aromatherapy.

Aromatherapy is a generic term. It is used by manufacturers (of personal care, wellness and hygiene products) as well as practitioners, including massage therapists, chiropractors, nurses and doctors. Over-the-counter products that make use of essential oils (or their constituents, such as menthol and methyl salicylate) include mouthwashes, liniments and "rubbing ointments", such as Listerine, Mentholatum Deep Heat and Vicks VapoRub. However, aromatherapy purists insist that neither essential oil constituents as such, nor synthetic fragrant chemicals, should ever be used.

Because many essential oils are potent antimicrobials, they can be useful in the treatment of infectious disease. They are used as medicines, often in combination with other herbal preparations, by a small group of doctors in France. In nursing, essential oils are increasingly used in pain management, anxiety/depression, and Alzheimer's disease. Aromatherapy may be used in combination with other forms of alternative medicine. Terms such as 'essential oil therapy' 'clinical aromatherapy' and 'medical aromatherapy' have been used by some journals, educational institutions and practitioners, in order to distance themselves from association with the commercial aspects.

Aromatherapy has origins in antiquity with the use of infused aroma chemicals , made by macerating dried plant material in fatty oil, heating and then filtering. Many such oils, and their healing properties, are described by Dioscorides in his De Materia Medica, written in the first century. Distilled essential oils have been employed as medicines since the invention of distillation in the eleventh century, when Avicenna isolated essential oils using steam distillation.

The concept of aromatherapy was first mooted by a small number of European scientists and doctors, in about 1907. In 1937, the word first appeared in print in a French book on the subject: Aromathérapie: Les Huiles Essentielles, Hormones Végétales by René-Maurice Gattefossé, a chemist. An English version was published in 1993. In 1910, Gattefossé burned a hand very badly in a laboratory explosion. The hand developed gas gangrene, which he successfully, and intentionally, treated with lavender oil. This helped greatly to fire an already existing interest in aromatherapy, though it was not the "lucky accident" that is sometimes recounted by others.

A French surgeon, Jean Valnet, pioneered the medicinal uses of aromatic chemical oils, which he used as antiseptics in the treatment of wounded soldiers during World War II.

The modes of application of aromatherapy include:

    * Aerial diffusion: for environmental fragrancing or aerial disinfection
    * Direct inhalation: for respiratory disinfection, decongestion, expectoration as well as psychological effects
    * Topical applications: for general massage, baths, compresses, therapeutic skin care

Some of the materials employed include:

    * Essential oils: Fragrant oils extracted from plants chiefly through steam distillation (e.g. eucalyptus oil) or expression (grapefruit oil). However, the term is also occasionally used to describe fragrant oils extracted from plant material by any solvent extraction.
    * Absolutes: aromatic chemicals extracted primarily from flowers or delicate plant tissues through solvent or supercritical fluid extraction (e.g. rose absolute). The term is also used to describe oils extracted from fragrant butters, concretes, and enfleurage pommades using ethanol.
    * Phytoncides: Various volatile organic compounds from plants that kill microbes. Many terpene-based fragrant oils and sulfuric compounds from plants in the genus "Allium" are phytoncides, though the latter are likely less commonly used in aromatherapy due to their disagreeable odors.
    * Herbal distillates or hydrosols: The aqueous by-products of the distillation process (e.g. rosewater). There are many herbs that make herbal distillates and they have culinary uses, medicinal uses and skin care uses. Common herbal distillates are rose, lemon balm and chamomile.
    * Infusions: Aqueous extracts of various plant material (e.g. infusion of chamomile)
    * Carrier oils: Typically oily plant base triacylglycerides that dilute essential oils for use on the skin (e.g. sweet almond oil)
    * Vaporizer (Volatized) Raw Herbs: Typically higher oil content plant based materials dried, crushed, and heated to extract and inhale the aromatic oil vapors in a direct inhalation modality

 

 

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Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4H-pyran-4-one), a g-pyrone derivative, is a fungal metabolite produced by many species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is a good chelator of transition metal ions such as Fe (III) and Cu (II) (Beélik, 1956; Wiley et al. 1942). Kojic acid occurs in many fermented Oriental foods (Kinoshita et al. 1968), and possesses both antibacterial and antifungal activities. A mixture of ascorbic acid and kojic acid has been patented for use as an anti-browning agent in foods (Fukusawa et al. 1982). Kojic acid has potential applicability in the prevention of melanosis in both plant and seafood products. Saruno et al. (1979) demonstrated that kojic acid from Aspergillus albus inhibited mushroom PPO activity. Kojic acid was also shown to inhibit melanosis in pink shrimp (Applewhite et al. 1990). Chen et al. (1991b) determined that kojic acid was a competitive inhibitor of the oxidation of chlorogenic acid and catechol by apple polyphenol oxidase.

Kojic acid inhibits the rate of formation of pigmented products, as well as the rate of oxygen uptake, when various o-dihydroxy- and trihydroxy phenols are oxidized by tyrosinase (Kahn, 1995). Tyrosinase inhibition by kojic acid was thought to be due to the ability of kojic acid to bind copper at the active site of the enzyme. Although kojic acid is a good inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase, its toxicity is of concern. Wei et al. (1991) reported weak mutagenic activity of kojic acid in a Salmonella typhimurium assay.

A fungal metabolic product, kojic acid inhibits the catecholase activity of tyrosinase, which is the rate-limiting, essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of the skin pigment melanin. Kojic acid is also consumed widely in the Japanese diet, with the belief that it is of benefit to health. Indeed, it has been shown to significantly enhance neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. Melanocytes treated with kojic acid become nondendritic, with a decreased melanin content. Additionally, it scavenges reactive oxygen species released excessively from cells or generated in tissue or blood.

Kojic acid is used in concentrations ranging from 1-4%. Although effective as a skin-lightening gel, it has been reported to have high sensitizing potential and may cause irritant contact dermatitis. In a study comparing glycolic acid/kojic acid combination with glycolic acid/hydroquinone, no statistical difference in efficacy was reported between kojic acid and hydroquinone; however, the kojic acid preparation was reported to be more irritating.
To decrease the irritation from kojic acid, it is combined with a topical corticosteroid. In a comparison study, 2% hydroquinone, 10% glycolic acid, and 2% kojic acid decreased hyperpigmentation in patients with melasma better than the same combination without kojic acid.

Kojic acid is an extremely unstable ingredient in cosmetic formulations. Upon exposure to air or sunlight it turns a strange shade of brown and loses its efficacy. Many cosmetics companies use kojic dipalmitate as an alternative because it is far more stable in formulations. However, there is no research showing that kojic dipalmitate is as effective as kojic acid, though it is a good antioxidant. Research shows that Kojic Acid is best presented and stored in glass ampoules.

Pigmentation is a disorder of skin complexion and color due to the increase in production of melanin.  In females, pigmentation often occurs due to hormonal changes in the body (in pregnancy, menopause etc), and appears as brown patches on the face.  Sun exposure causes this type of pigmentation increase, and also causes dark irregular patches on the exposed skin, like the upper lip, eye contour and body.  Another type of pigmentation is freckles.

Kojic acid can inhibit tyronisase activity, thus inhibiting skin melanin formation. Kojic acid and it's derivatives are widely used in high-quality skin lightening cosmetics, bath preparations and mouth or teeth care products. Cosmetics containing kojic acid can treat freckles, acne and pigmentation effectively without any toxic and bad results.

To get the best results out of Kojic Acid it is recommended to buy from a pharmacy the concentrate presented in glass cosmetic ampoules, as the Kojic Acid will be very concentrated, active and free from impurities.

Dermastir Kojic Acid skincare ampoules by ALTA CARE Laboratoires can be applied alone on the face without the need of mixing it with anything else. Otherwise it may also be added to your  night cream.  Since the Dermastir Kojic Acid Ampoule is a concentrate it may be applied on the face once every three days since kinetic studies show that the ingredients remain present and active in the skin for up to 3 days. It is highly recommended to use sun blocks all the year around especially during treatments with Dermastir Kojic acid ampoules.

 

The raspberry (plural, raspberries) is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus; the name also applies to these plants themselves. The name originally referred to the European species Rubus idaeus (with red fruit), and is still used as its standard English name.

Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or as dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products. Traditionally, raspberries were a mid-summer crop, but with new technology, cultivars, and transportation, they can now be obtained year-round. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root rot which is one of the most serious pest problems facing raspberry ketone . As a cultivated plant in moist temperate regions, it is easy to grow and has a tendency to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.

Two types of most commercially grown kinds of raspberry are available, the summer-bearing type that produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in mid-summer, and double- or "ever"-bearing plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9.

Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for 1 year in a northern climate such as Scotland (UK) or Washington State (US) where the chilling requirement for proper budbreak is met early. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants should be spaced 1 m apart in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges if there is any question about root rot problems.

The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees and other pollinators.

Raspberries are very vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using basal shoots (also known as suckers); extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberry ketone spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked.

The fruit is harvested when it comes off the torus/receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest. Excess fruit can be made into raspberry jam or frozen.

The leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal and medicinal teas. They have an astringent flavour, and in herbal medicine are reputed to be effective in regulating menses.

An individual raspberry weighs about 4 g, on average and is made up of around 100 drupelets, each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed. Raspberry bushes can yield several hundred berries a year. Unlike blackberries and dewberries, a raspberry ketone has a hollow core once it is removed from the receptacle.

Numerous raspberry cultivars have been selected. Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.

Red raspberries (Rubus idaeus and/or Rubus strigosus) have been crossed with the black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) to produce purple raspberries, and with various species in other subgenera of the genus Rubus, resulting in a number of hybrids, such as boysenberry and loganberry. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated raspberries and a few Asiatic species of Rubus is also being explored.

raspberry ketone

Color & Appearance	White needle-like crystals
Odor	sweet fruit odor
density :	1.088 ± 0.06 g/cm3
Boiling Point:	161? (1Mpa)
Melting point:	82~84?
Assay(%)	≥99
index of refraction :	1.535 ± 0.02
Packing & Storage	1kg-25 kg drum.Transport Information:No restriction.     To be stored in cool dry place, no open air storage.

 

 

 

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